BioImpedance Analysis

Archived References N - S 

This bibliography has been compiled from a variety of primary and secondary  sources. While every effort has been made to make it as comprehensive as  possible, the bioimpedance field is a large one and inevitably some literature  will have been excluded either by omission or comission. Most notably,  articles pertaining to impedance plethysmography, impedance imaging (EIT or  APT), studies in plants and bacteria and conference abstracts have been  largely omitted.
 
 The compilers would like to be notified by users of the bibliography of  important reference materials which should be included in updates.
 
 Updates to the bibliography may be found on the following Web page:
 
                 http://florey.biosci.uq.edu.au/BIA/index.html
 
 (c) UniQuest-SEAC 1992-1996
 

 Archived References N - S

Nafziger NA, Lee SB, Huang SQ.  Passive exercise system: effect on
  muscle activity, strength, and lean body mass.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil
  1992 Feb;73(2):184-9.

  Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Hazama T, Maeda K.  Assessment of body
  composition in Japanese females by bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Jpn
  J Phys Fitness Sports Med 1990;39(3):164-72.

  Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Hazama T, Maeda K. [Assessment of body
  composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of skin resistance
  on impedance]. Ann-Physiol-Anthropol. 1990;  Apr, 9(2): 109-14

  Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Yokoyama T, Maeda K. [Effects of different
  electrodes on bioelectrical impedance values] . Ann-Physiol-Anthropol.
  1990;  Jan, 9(1): 41-5

  Nakamura T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto T, Tsuji H. Fundamental
  Characteristics of Human Limb Electrical Impedance for Biodynamic
  Analysis. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing D September
  1992;  30, N 5: 465-472

  Nelson M V. Estimation of lean body mass by bioelectrical impedance
  [letter] . Am J Clin Nutr V 49 (1) : 184-185

  Nelson, M. E., M. A. Fiatarone, J. E. Layne, I. Trice, C. D. Economos, R.
  A. Fielding, R. M. Ma, R. N. Pierson, and W. J. Evans. 1996. Analysis of
  body-composition techniques and models for detecting change in soft
  tissue with strength training. Am J Clin Nutr 63: 678-686.

  Netz J, Forner E, Haagemann S. 1993. Contactless Impedance
  Measurement by Magnetic Induction - A Possible Method for Investigation
  of Brain Impedance. Physiological Measurement. 1989;  14, N 4: 463-471

  Newby M J, Keim N L, Brown D L. Body Composition of Adult Cystic
  Fibrosis Patients and Control Subjects As Determined by Densitometry,
  Bioelectrical Impedance, Total-Body Electrical Conductivity, Skinfold
  Measurements, and Deuterium Oxide  Dilution.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;
  52(2): 209-213

  Newell, J. C., P. M. Edic, X. D. Ren, J. L. Larsonwiseman, and M. D.
  Danyleiko. 1996. Assessment of acute pulmonary edema in dogs by
  electrical impedance imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 43: 133-138.

  Newell JC, Isaacson D, Gisser DG.  Rapid assessment of electrode
  characteristics for impedance imaging.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990
  Jul;37(7):735-8.

  Newman SL, Lindahl JA, Chumlea WC, Baumgartner R, Zimmer J, Konek
  S.  Validation of bioelectric impedance assessment (BIA) in determination
  of body composition in hospitalized children [abstract]. Gastroenterology
  1989;96(5 Pt 2):A364.

  Ng H W K, Walley T J, Mostafa S M. Comparison of thermodilution,
  thoracic electrical bioimpedance and Doppler ultrasound cardiac output
  measurement. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994;  73, N 1: 119-120

  Nguyen, V. T., D. E. Larson, R. K. Johnson, and M. I. Goran. 1996. Fat
  intake and adiposity in children of lean and obese parents. Am J Clin Nutr
  63: 507-513.

  Nichols BL, Sheng HP.  Measurement of body composition in infants. In:
  Giorgi PL, Suskind RM, Catassi C, editors. The obese child; meeting of the
  department of pediatrics, University of Ancona; 1990 Sep 20-22; Ancona,
  Italy.  New York: S. Karger; 1992. p. 81-105. (Pediatric and adolescent
  medicine; vol. 2).

  Noe D, Spiti R, Gatti E.  Body composition changes after weight reduction:
  Bioelectric impedance  method applicability.  Riv Ital Nutr Parenter Enteral
  1993;11(3):168-73. (Ita).

  Noordegraaf, A.V.; Faes, T.J.C.; Janse, A.; Marcus, J.T.; Improvement of
  cardiac imaging in electrical impedance   tomography by means of a new
  electrode  configuration. Physiological Measurement; 17: 1996, 179-188.

  Noordegraaf, A. V., T. J. C. Faes, A. Janse, J. T. Marcus, R. M. Heethaar,
  P. E. Postmus, and P. Devries. 1996. Improvement of cardiac imaging in
  electrical impedance tomography by means of a new electrode
  configuration. Physiol Meas 17: 179-188.

  NOORDEGRAAF, A.V., VAN DER MEER, B.J., DE VRIES, J.P. & DE
  VRIES, P.M. (1995).  Determination of the relation between alterations of
  total body water and  thoracic fluid content during ultrafiltration by
  bioelectrical impedance  analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10, 382-385.

  Novak I, Davies P S W, Elliott M J. Noninvasive Estimation of Total Body
  Water in Critically Ill Children After Cardiac Operations - Validation of a
  Bioelectric Impedance Method. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular
  Surgery D September 1992;  104, N 3: 585-589

  Nutritional Status Assessment of the Individual: proceedings of a national
  conference; 1987; New York, NY.  Trumbull (CT): Food & Nutrition Press;
  1989. 479 p.
  NYBEOR, J., POLASEK, P. & GILIARD, R. (1976). Bioelectric impedance
  analyser.  Proc Second Int Conf Bioelec Impedance 5.

  NYBEOR, J., (1972). Workable volume and flow concepts of bio-segments
  by  electrical impedance plethysmography. T.I.T. Journal, 1-13.

  NYBEOR, J. & SEDENSKY, J.A. (1974). Bioelectrical impedance during
  renal  dialysis. Proc Dialysis Transplant Forum 4, 214.

  NYBEOR, J., (1981). Percent body fat by four terminal bio-electrical
  impedance  and body density in college freshmen. Proc Vth Int Conf
  Bioelec Impedance.

  NYBOER, J. (1970). Electrorheometric properties of tissues and fluids.
  Ann NY  Acad Sci 170, 410-420.

  NYBOER, J. (1959). Electrical Impedance Plethysmography. IL, Charles
  C Thomas:  Springfield.

  Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls:
  the NHLBI Growth and Health Study.  Am J Public Health 1992
  Dec;82(12):1613-20.

  Oh, S. Y., and R. H. Guy. 19, . Effects of iontophoresis on the electrical
  properties of human skin in vivo. International Journal of Pharmaceutics
  124: 137-142.

  Oldham, N.M. Overview of bioelectrical impedance analyzers. American
  Journal of  Clinical Nutrition; 64: 1996, S405-S412.

  Oldham, N. M. 1996. Overview of bioelectrical impedance analyzers. Am
  J Clin Nutr 64: S405-S412.

  Oldroyd B, Bramley PN, Stewart SP, Simpson M, Truscott JG, Losowsky
  M, Smith MA.  The measurement of total body fat by dual energy X-ray
  absorptiometry: comparison with skinfold anthropometry, bioelectrical
  impedance and total body potassium.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:93-4.

  Oliver CJ, Rose A, Blagojevic N, Dwyer R, Gold J, Allen BJ.  Total body
  protein status of males infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:197-200.

  Oliver C, Rose A, Dwyer R, Allen B, Gold J.  Body protein in asymptomatic
  HIV+ve males: longitudinal study [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;
  8(2):B206 (abstract no. PoB 3693).

  Olle MM, Pivarnik JM, Klish WJ, Morrow JR Jr.  Body composition of
  sedentary and physically active spinal cord injured individuals estimated
  from total body electrical conductivity.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993
  Jul;74(7):706-10.

  Olthof, C. G., P. G. M. Jansen, J. P. P. Devries, P. M. Kouw, L. Eijsman,
  J. J. Delange, and P. M. J. M. Devries. 1995. Interstitial fluid volume during
  cardiac surgery measured by means of a non-invasive conductivity
  technique. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 39: 508-512.

  Olthof C G, Baars J W, Wagstaff J, Donker A J M, Schneider H, Devries
  P M J M. Determination of Capillary Leakage Due to Recombinant
  Interleukin-2 by Means of Noninvasive Conductivity Measurements.
  European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology .
  1993;  67 , N 2 : 168-173

  Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Oe PL, Gerlag PG, Schneider H,
  Donker AJ.  The recovery of the fluid balance after hemodialysis and
  hemofiltration.  Clin Nephrol 1992 Mar;37(3):135-9.

  Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Oe PL, Schneider H, de Lange JJ,
  Donker AJ.  Non-invasive conductivity method for detection of dynamic
  body fluid changes: in vitro and in vivo validation.  Nephrol Dial Transplant
  1993;8(1):41-6.

  Onodera K.  Comparison of equations in assessing body composition of
  Japanese using bioelectrical impedance analysis [abstract]. Med Sci
  Sports Exerc 1991;23(4 Suppl):S29.

  Oppliger R A, Nielsen D H, Vance C G. Wrestlers' minimal weight:
  anthropometry, bioimpedance, and hydrostatic  weighing compared.
  Med-Sci-Sports-Exerc. 1991;  Feb, 23(2): 247-53

  Oppliger RA, Nielsen DH, Hoegh JE, Vance CT. Bioelectrical impedance
  prediction of fat free mass for high school wrestlers validated [abstract].
  Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23(4 Suppl):S73.

  Oppliger RA, Nielsen DH, Shetler AC, Crowley ET, Albright JP.  Body
  composition of collegiate football players: bioelectrical impedance and
  skinfolds compared to hydrostatic weighing.  J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
  1992 Apr;15(4):187-92.

  Organ L W, Bradham G B, Gore D T, Lozier S L. Segmental bioelectrical
  impedance analysis: Theory and application of a new technique. Journal
  of Applied Physiology. 1994;  77, N 1: 98-112

  Orme S M, Sebastian J P, Oldroyd B, Stewart S P, Grant P J, Stickland M
  H, Smith M A, Belchetz P E. Comparison of measures of body composition
  in a trial of low dose growth  hormone replacement therapy.
  Clin-Endocrinol-Oxf. 1992;  Nov, 37(5): 453-9

  Ortiz O, Russell M, Daley TL, Baumgartner RN, Waki M, Lichtman S,
  Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  Differences in skeletal muscle
  and bone mineral mass between black and white females and their
  relevance to estimates of body composition.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992
  Jan;55(1):8-13.

  Osei K, Cottrell D A, Orabella M M. Insulin sensitivity, glucose
  effectiveness, and body fat distribution  pattern in nondiabetic offspring of
  patients with NIDDM. Diabetes-Care. 1991;  Oct, 14(10): 890-6

  Osei, K., and D. P. Schuster. 1995. Metabolic characteristics of African
  descendants: A comparative study of African-Americans and Ghanaian
  immigrants using minimal model analysis. Diabetologia 38: 1103-1109.

  Oster MH, Enders SR, Samuels SJ, Cone LA, Hooton TM, Browder HP,
  Flynn NM.  Megestrol acetate in patients with AIDS and cachexia.  Ann
  Intern Med 1994 Sep 15;121(6):400-8. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1994
  Sep 15;121(6):462-3.
  Osypka, M., and E. Gersing. 1995. Tissue impedance spectra and the
  appropriate frequencies for EIT. Physiological Measurement 16: A49-A55.

  Ott M, Wegner A, Caspary WF, Lembcke B.  Intestinal absorption and
  malnutrition in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  (AIDS).  Z Gastroenterol 1993 Nov;31(11):661-5.

  Ott M, Lembcke B, Fischer H, Jager R, Polat H, Geier H, Rech M,
  Staszeswki S, Helm E B, Caspary W F. Early Changes of Body
  Composition in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients -
  Tetrapolar Body Impedance Analysis Indicates Significant Malnutrition .
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;  57, N 1: 15-19

  Otto RM, Wygand J, Denicola D, St. George K, Doody D, Nauerth M. Body
  composition evaluation of obese and non-obese via anthropometry
  bioelectric impedance and hydrodensitometry [abstract]. Med Sci Sports
  Exerc 1990;22(2 Suppl):S128.

  Ouzounian, J. G., D. I. Masaki, T. K. Abboud, and J. S. Greenspoon. 1996.
  Systemic vascular resistance index determined by thoracic electrical
  bioimpedance predicts the risk for maternal hypotension during regional
  anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174: 1019-1025.

  Paijmans I J M, Wilmore K M, Wilmore J H. Use of Skinfuls and
  Bioelectrical Impedance for Body Composition Assessment After Weight
  Reduction. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1992;  11, N 2:
  145-151

  Pallasareny R, Webster J G. Bioelectric Impedance Measurements Using
  Synchronous Sampling . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.
  1993;  40, N 8: 824-829

  Pallasareny R, Webster J G. AC Instrumentation Amplifier for
  Bioimpedance Measurements . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
  Engineering. 1993;  40, N 8: 830-833

  Panella C, Guglielmi FW, Francavilla A.  Nutritional status in cirrhosis: role
  of bioelectric impedance analysis.  Ital J Gastroenterol 1993
  Aug-Sep;25(7):402-7.

  PANELLA, C., GUGLIELMI, F.W., MASTRONUZZI, T. & FRANCAVILLA,
  A. (1995).  Whole-body and segmental bioelectrical parameters in chronic
  liver disease;  effect of gender and disease stages. Hepatology 21,
  352-358.

  Paolisso, G., A. Gambardella, V. Balbi, S. Ammendola, A. Damore, and M.
  Varricchio. 1995. Body composition, body fat distribution, and resting
  metabolic rate in healthy centenarians. American Journal of Clinical
  Nutrition 62: 746-750.

  Parenti M, Di Bartolo P, Babini AC, Sorrenti G, Saretta B, Cecchetto ME,
  Luchi A, Gatto MR, Melchionda N.  [Comparison of three methods for the
  rapid determination of body composition].  Minerva Endocrinol 1990
  Jul-Sep;15(3):207-14. (Ita).

  Pastan S, Gassensmith C. Total body water measured by bioelectrical
  impedance in patients after  hemodialysis. Comparison with urea kinetics.
  ASAIO-J. 1992;  Jul-Sep, 38(3): M186-9

  Patel RV, Matthie JR, Withers PO, Peterson EL, Zarowitz BJ.  Estimation
  of total body and extracellular water using single- and multiple- frequency
  bioimpedance.  Ann Pharmacother 1994 May;28(5):565-9.

  Pathmanathan G, Prakash S. Growth of Fat and Lean Tissue Components
  at the Mid-Upper Arm in Well-Off North West Indian Children. American
  Journal of Human Biology. 1994;  6, N 2: 219-226

  PATTERSON, R., RANGANATHAN, C., ENGEL, R. & BERKSETH, R.
  (1988). Measurement of  body fluid volume change using multisite
  impedance measurements. Med Biol Eng  Comput 26, 33-37.

  PATTERSON, R. (1989). Body fluid determinations using multisite
  impedance  measurements. IEEE Eng Med Biol 8, 16.

  Paulsen, K. D., M. J. Moskowitz, T. P. Ryan, S. E. Mitchell, and P. J.
  Hoopes. 1996. Initial in vivo experience with EIT as a thermal estimator
  during hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 12: 573-591.

  Paulsen K D, Moskowitz M J, Ryan T P. Temperature field estimation using
  electrical impedance profiling methods .1. Reconstruction algorithm and
  simulated results. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 1994;  10, N 2:
  209-228

  Paulsen, K.D.; Moskowitz, M.J.; Ryan, T.P.; Mitchell, S.E.; Initial in vivo
  experience with EIT as a thermal estimator   during hyperthermia.
  International  Journal of Hyperthermia; 12: 1996, 573-591.

  Paulson K, Breckon W, Pidcock M.  A hybrid phantom for electrical
  impedance tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:155-9.

  Pearman P, Hunter G, Hendricks C, O'Sullivan P.  Comparison of
  hydrostatic weighing and bioelectric impedance measurements in
  determining body composition pre and postdehydration.  J Orthop Sports
  Phys Ther 1989 May;10(11):451-5.

  Pedersen S B, Borglum J D, Schmitz O, Bak J F, Sorensen N S, Richelsen
  B. Abdominal Obesity Is Associated with Insulin Resistance and Reduced
  Glycogen Synthase Activity in Skeletal Muscle. Metabolism - Clinical and
  Experimental. 1993 ;  42, N 8: 998-1005

  Pencharz, P. B., and M. Azcue. 1996. Use of bioelectrical impedance
  analysis measurements in the clinical management of malnutrition. Am J
  Clin Nutr 64: S485-S488.

  Pencharz PB, Vaisman N, Azcue M, Stallings VA.  Body compartment
  changes in sick children.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:31-8.

  Pencharz, P.B.; Azcue, M. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis
  measurements  in the   clinical management of malnutrition. American
  Journal of Clinical  Nutrition; 64: 1996, S485-S488.
  Pennock B E. Sensitivity of Bioelectrical Impedance to Detect Changes in
  Human Body Composition. J APP PHYSL. 1990;  68(5): 2246

  Perko G, Perko M J, Jansen E, Secher N H. Thoracic impedance as an
  index of body fluid balance during cardiac surgery.  Acta Anaestheiol
  Scand. 1991;  35: 568-571

  Perko, G., R. Tilgreen, and N. H. Secher. 1995. The venous pump does
  not affect the indifference point for electrical impedance in humans. Eur J
  Appl Physiol 72: 179-182.

  Perko G, Payne G, Secher N H. An Indifference Point for Electrical
  Impedance in Humans . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1993;  148, N 2:
  125-129

  Petersen J R, Jensen B V, Drabaek H, Viskum K, Mehlsen J. Electrical
  impedance measured changes in thoracic fluid content during
  thoracentesis. Clinical Physiology. 1994;  14, N 4: 459-466

  PETHIG, R. (1987). Dielectric properties of body tissues. Clin Physiol
  Meas 8  (Suppl A), 5

  Petracca EG, Biasioli S.  [Bioelectric impedance in the study of body
  composition in healthy and dialyzed individuals].  Clin Ter 1990 May
  31;133(4):223-5. (Ita). Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Thornton JC, Russell MA,
  Heymsfield SB, Mazariegos M, Ma RM, Weber DA.  Biological
  homogeneity and precision of measurement: the boundary conditions for
  normal in body composition.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:15-22.

  Petracca E G, Biasioli S. [Bioelectric impedance in the study of body
  composition in healthy and  dialyzed individuals] TO: L'impedenza
  bioelettrica nello studio della composizione corporea dei sani e . Clin-Ter.;
  May 31, 133(4): 223-5

  Pianosi, P., and D. Garros. 1996. Comparison of impedance cardiography
  with indirect fick (CO2) method of measuring cardiac output in healthy
  children during exercise. Am J Cardiol 77: 745-749.

  Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L, Bucciante G. A new method for monitoring
  body fluid variation by bioimpedance analysis: The RXc graph. Kidney
  International. 1994;  46, N 2: 534-539

  Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L. Is 50 kHz the Optimal Frequency in Routine
  Estimation of Body Water by Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis. American
  Journal of Clinical Nutrition D December 1992;  56, N 6: 1069

  Piccoli, A., B. Rossi, L. Pillon, and G. Bucciante. 1996. Body fluid overload
  and bioelectrical impedance analysis in renal patients. Miner Electrolyte
  Metab 22: 76-78.

  Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L. Operational Equivalence Between Segmental
  and Whole-Body Bioelectrical Impedance in Renal Patients. American
  Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994;  59, N 3: 675-676

  Piccoli, A., B. Rossi, L. Pillon, and G. Bucciante. 1996. Body fluid overload
  and bioelectrical impedance analysis in renal patients. Miner Electrolyte
  Metab 22: 76-78.
  Pichard, C., U. G. Kyle, D. O. Slosman, and B. Penalosa. 1996. Energy
  expenditure in anorexia nervosa: Can fat-free mass as measured by
  bioelectrical impedance predict energy expenditure in hospitalized
  patients? Clin Nutr 15: 109-114.

  Pichard, C.; Kyle, U.G.; Slosman, D.O.; Penalosa, B. Energy expenditure
  in  anorexia nervosa: Can fat-free mass as   measured by bioelectrical
  impedance  predict energy   expenditure in hospitalized patients?. Clinical
  Nutrition; 15: 1996, 109-114.

  Pidcock, M., S. Ciulli, and S. Ispas. 1995. Singularities of mixed boundary
  value problems in electrical impedance tomography. Physiological
  Measurement 16: A213-A218.

  Pierson R N Jr, Wang J, Heymsfield S B, Russell Aulet M, Mazariegos M,
  Tierney M, Smith R, Thornton J C, Kehayias J, Weber D A. Measuring
  body fat: calibrating the rulers. Intermethod comparisons in 389  normal
  Caucasian subjects. Am-J-Physiol. 1991;  Jul, 261(1 Pt 1): E103-8

  Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Thornton JC, Russell MA, Heymsfield SB,
  Mazariegos M, Ma RM, Weber DA.  Biological homogeneity and precision
  of measurement: the boundary conditions for normal in body composition.
  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:15-22.

  Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Thornton J, Heymsfield S, Aulet M, Lichtman S.
  Measuring body fat inter-method translations in 338 normal white adults
  WA [abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(3):521.

  Pilla A M, Zarowitz B J, Svensson C K. Bioimpedance assessment of
  antipyrine pharmacokinetics before and after enzyme induction. DICP. The
  Annals of Pharmacotherapy D June 1990;  24: 575-580

  Pinilla J C, Webster B, Baetz M, Reeder B, Hattori S, Liu L. Effect of body
  positions and splints in bioelectrical impedance analysis.
  JPEN-J-Parenter-Enteral-Nutr. 1992 ;  Sep-Oct, 16(5): 408-12

  Piriz H, Lehot JJ, Thomasset A, Chassignolle JF, Estanove S.  [Whole
  body and thoracic impedance changes induced by cardiopulmonary
  bypass]. Presse Med 1991 Oct 19;20(33):1599-602. (Fre).

  Pirke KM, Muenzing WM, Ernst A, Beumont PJ.  Assessment of body
  composition by measurement of electrical conductivity in patients with
  anorexia nervosa and bulimia.  Int J Eating Disord 1989 Jul;8(4):479-82.

  Plaisted CS, Robbins MS, King S, Morey M. Measurement of body
  composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), skin folds,
  bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and infrared technology in elderly
  volunteers [abstract]. 34th Annual Meeting of the American College of
  Nutrition on Advances in Clinical Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA, October
  8-11, 1993.  J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12(5):590.

  Pliquett, F., and U. Pliquett. 1996. Passive electrical properties of human
  stratum corneum in vitro depending on time after separation. Biophys
  Chem 58: 205-210.
  Pospisil, L. 1996. Electrochemical impedance and related techniques.
  Experimental Techniques in Bioelectrochemistry 3: 1-39.

  Pospisil, L. Electrochemical impedance and related techniques.
  Experimental  Techniques in Bioelectrochemistry, Vol 3; 3: 1996, 1-39.

  Povill, R., and P. Riu. 1995. Quantification in multifrequency tomography.
  Physiological Measurement 16: A69-A78.

  Presta E, Casullo A M, Costa R, Slonim A, Van-Itallie T B. Body
  composition in adolescents: estimation by total body electrical conductivity.
  J-Appl-Physiol. 1987;  Sep, 63(3): 937-41

  Prijatmoko D, Strauss B J G, Lambert J R, Sievert W, Stroud DB,
  Wahlqvist M L, Katz B, Colman J, Jones P, Korman M G. Early Detection
  of Protein Depletion in Alcoholic Cirrhosis - Role of Body Composition
  Analysis. Gastroenterology. 1993;  105, N 6: 1839-1845

  Pritchard J E, Nowson C A, Strauss B J, Carlson J S, Kaymakci B, Wark
  J D . Evaluation of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry as a method of
  measurement of body fat. Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1993;  Mar, 47(3): 216-28

  Pritschet BL.  Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis with
  measures of body composition in children [master's thesis on microfiche].
  Eugene (OR): University of Oregon, College of Human Development and
  Performance, Microform Publications; 1989. 1 microfiche.

  Pronk NP, Donnelly JE, Jakicic J.  Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance
  analysis with weight loss in the obese [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc
  1990;22(2 Suppl):S109.

  Pullicino E, Coward W A, Stubbs R J, Elia M. Bedside and field methods
  for assessing body composition: Comparison with the deuterium dilution
  technique. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;  44: 753-762

  Pullicino E, Coward W A, Elia M. The potential use of dual frequency
  bioimpedance in predicting the distribution of total body water in health
  and disease. Clinical Nutrition. 1992;  11: 69-74

  Pullicino EA.  Aspects of energy metabolism in hospitalised patients
  [dissertation].  London: Council for National Academic Awards; 1991. 249
  p.

  Quigley M, Siconolfi S, Agnew J, Rehbein T.  Fluid volume shifts during
  supine rest: effect on estimated total body water, lean body mass, and
  percent body fat from total body bioelectrical impedance [abstract]. Med
  Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21(2 Suppl):S99.

  Quirk, P., L. C. Ward, B. J. Thomas, T. L. Holt, R. W. Shepherd, and B. H.
  Cornish. 1995. Multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance for the
  prediction of total body potassium in cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr 14: 348-353.

  Rabbani, K.S.; Hassan, M.; Kiber, A. 3D object localization using EIT
  measurements at two levels. Physiological Measurement; 17: 1996,
  189-199.
  Rabbani, K. S., M. Hassan, and A. Kiber. 1996. 3D object localization
  using EIT measurements at two levels. Physiol Meas 17: 189-199.

  Rabeneck L, Risser J M H, Crane M M, Mccabe B K, Worsley J B . A
  Comparison of Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance in the
  Estimation of Body Composition in HIV-Infected Individuals. Nutrition
  Research. 1993;  13, N 3: 275-285

  Ragheb A O, Geddes L A, Bourland J D, Tacker W A. Tetrapolar electrode
  system for measuring physiological events by impedance . Med. & Biol.
  Eng. & Comput. 1992;  30: 115-117

  Rallison L R, Kushner R F, Penn D, Schoeller D A. Errors in Estimating
  Peritoneal Fluid by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Total Body
  Electrical Conductivity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993;
  12, N 1: 66-72

  Rallison L, Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Penn D.  Can bioelectrical
  impedance analysis (BIA) and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC)
  detect small localized changes in total body water? [abstract]. Am J Clin
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